History of Organizational Communication Essays

History of Organizational Communication Essays History of Organizational Communication Essay History of Organizational Communication Essay History of the Field Reflection Paper| What is hierarchical correspondence? As a field hierarchical correspondence concentrates precisely what it seems like the correspondence in association. Characterizing the points of interest of this regularly comes down to the specialist and the viewpoint that slant their feelings on the field. These unpretentious contrasts are the reason it takes Papa, Daniels and Spiker very nearly 16 pages to communicate their meaning of their field of study. The hierarchical encounters of an individual impact the individual’s supposition and definition. In spite of this all correspondence that includes at least two individuals from an association establishes authoritative correspondence. It doesn't need to relate to the association, yet can be to manufacture a relationship. To really build up a short definition for hierarchical not to mention authoritative correspondence. It is highly unlikely to box this field due to the progressions that has happened over its short life and the wide breadths that it covers. Be that as it may, it is basic as a future expert in an association to make this individual way of thinking and refine it regularly. For me this class and article has changed my view on the meaning of authoritative correspondence. For as far back as quite a long while I have characterized the term as correspondence inside a business, yet now I see that it incorporates a vast larger part of the correspondence that happens. The impact of associations has expanded to a point that it characterizes our way of life. It has done this to a point that our nearby, national and worldwide networks could be characterized as an association. Be that as it may, investigating the impact of little scope relational correspondence on the â€Å"global organization† isn't plausible. On account of this the investigation of associations is centered for the most part around the individuals that impact an association they are engaged with. This reaches from CEO’s, administrators, workers and clients. The correspondence between the gatherings and inside each gathering will shift incredibly, and it likewise relies upon the job that every individual is in. With the close to boundless correspondence prospects in associations makes it captivating to take a gander at how the correspondence encourages the improvement of network in an association Even by constraining authoritative correspondence to this littler faction of the globe it despite everything represents practically all correspondence that an individual takes an interest in outside of the family and connections. As the article subtleties that before going out the impact associations have on people is immense. This additionally goes further on the grounds that an enormous piece of the collaboration in an ass ociation is between peers both inside and outside of the physical compartment of the association. Since the improvement hierarchical correspondence the adjustments in points of view has changed quickly and definitely. With this change the territory of study has additionally moved. The conventional point of view was attempting to utilize correspondence as an apparatus on their machine to thin down and expand their benefits. From that point forward the view has changed to how correspondence functions and how it can influence social issues inside an associations. As a field the enlarging the base of study is basic to the development of the field and associations. Characterizing hierarchical correspondence is an experience into correspondence and the entirety of its complexities. The field is as adaptable as the associations it both makes and depicts, yet additionally identifies with different fields of study in correspondence and other sociologies. Genuine comprehension of associations and the correspondence inside will just get through the investigation of current points of view and keeping a receptive outlook to new association types. What is the benefit of considering authoritative correspondence? Through contemplating authoritative correspondence we take a gander at the day by day correspondence of pretty much every person in the cutting edge world. On the off chance that we don't examine this indispensable piece of our lives we would be passing up an enormous piece of human correspondence. Having the option to break down various parts of correspondence further forms our comprehension of our own advantages. Hierarchical correspondence incorporates an assortment of correspondence sub organizations making investigation a lot simpler. Authoritative correspondence gives an intriguing point of view on different territories of correspondence also. The anxieties that happen in the work environment drive correspondence to be an achievement of disappointment. This blended in with the wide assortment characters in the authoritative mixture it allows specialists to take a gander at interracial, nterpersonal and bunch correspondence all the time that in any case would be a lot harder to take a gander at. Likewise considering authoritative correspondence gives organizations and people to improve their correspondence and the effectiveness of their business. Without correspondence nothing in an association can be practiced. Through examining associations and afterward applying the out comes an association can improve its benefits with little expense and time. People who concentrate any correspondence not to mention authoritative correspondence have an enormous preferred position in hierarchical life. This is the most compelling motivation that I decided to contemplate hierarchical correspondence is to give me a more prominent comprehension of how correspondence functions both in regular day to day existence, yet additionally in the expert world. Similarly as with some other youthful and developing field on the off chance that you don't consider its past you get no opportunity to make it. The individual and expert advantages of considering this field are astounding. With the worldwide change from little privately-owned companies to huge worldwide associations it is important to remain current with the patterns of all parts of the associations that are assuming control over the world. What a few explicit bits of data did you find generally astonishing, intriguing, or significant and why? The most significant piece of this article, and even this task was to build up a superior comprehension of the field that I am contemplating. At the point when I initially began in this minor I never had a decent comprehension of the hierarchical piece of authoritative correspondence. Through this article there has been an advancement of comprehension, and another capacity to apply the data I have read throughout the previous three years. Each time I hear or read about how youthful the field of hierarchical correspondence is its truly shocking the amount it has developed. Indeed, even with the considerable measure of exploration drawn on from different fields the pace of development diminishes nothing from the acknowledgment all through the authoritative network. Being in a correspondence program it is necessitated that I state that correspondence is the premise of everything. Having the absolute most influential individuals on the planet recognize this youthful field makes it much simpler to legitimize this perspective. The interpretive point of view carries associations to a degree of deliberation that truly shows the significance of correspondence. The development of reality through correspondence has been captivating to me since it was referenced in one of my initial correspondence classes. With the cooperation between individuals from an association it is extremely unlikely for it to be anything short of the aggregate of its parts. The judgment of the parts and the entirety is as abstract as the case of the five dollar note. These three pieces of the part pulled at me emphatically in light of the fact that they draw out the uniqueness and significance of correspondence. What is something fascinating or potentially important about the historical backdrop of authoritative correspondence that you found from sources past the appointed perusing? While perusing this section I made some diligently memories attempting to discover something extremely charming, so I searched for an intriguing name on the references page for a fascinating name. The entirety of this lead me to Organizational trust: What it implies, why it is important from the Organization Development Journal and was composed by Shockley-Zalabak, Ellis and Winograd and was distributed in the winter of 2000. In the wake of perusing the theoretical I was guided into an exceptionally fascinating article about how trust can build profitability. Despite the fact that the article isn't explicitly about the historical backdrop of authoritative correspondence it does the field to other hierarchical fields, and even recognizes that without correspondence building trust we be close to incomprehensible. By being straightforward with your representatives the since of network can develop. This is particularly significant with regards to gatherings and groups in an association. Without trust a gathering can never overcome that issue to accomplish teamness. So as to construct trust in a group it takes correspondence that meets the entirety of the parts the writers are trying in the article. Trust somewhat is a fundamental factor in all correspondence by and large, yet for an association trust is cash. One of the most significant pieces of this article was the possibility of recognizable proof with an organization. On the off chance that a worker concurs with the estimations of the organization and the company’s item they will be progressively profitable making the organization and themselves increasingly beneficial. Working for an organization that you have an inclination that you can boast to your loved ones about is something one of a kind and an incredible help. Relating crafted by Kenneth Burke, associations, groups and correspondence in an article made certain to show somebody our program, and it reaffirms past investigations identifying with the establishments of the field. Practically all exploration managing associations will have direct connections to the correspondence field due to how interrelated they are, and the relative youth. For the field to keep on developing we should concentrate on the past and the ever cha

Women in the 1950s vs 2000s free essay sample

Mike Rose is a widely praised author and educator in the School of Education at UCLA and has won numerous honors for his work. In this determination called â€Å"I Just Wanna Be Average† taken from his book Lives on the Boundary, Rose offers his experience walking through the normalized professional instruction track. Through his own record, the creator brings up that society and even staff inside these schools name the understudies as â€Å"slow† leaving the understudies with a goal of needing to turn out to be simply normal so as to compensate for their assumed feeling of insufficiency given by their alleged instructors. In this determination, Rose uses a great deal of easygoing language and tales of encounters in secondary school so as to connect with understudies of any age who may be battling to discover the estimation of their own scholarly limit covered inside the measures of what educational systems thinks about scholarly. We will compose a custom article test on Ladies during the 1950s versus 2000s or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Through the style of his narrating, he passes on his message to his crowd without essentially constraining the thought on Throughout the part, Rose portrays his secondary school involvement with sequential request. He initially depicts the transport outing to class and a significant number of the characters that he ran over in thisâ environment like Christy Biggars, the multi year old seller or Bill Cobb, â€Å"the oil pencil craftsman extraordinaire†. The creator likewise gives point by point depictions of what the educators, for example, the â€Å"troubled and unstable† Brother Dill or Mr. Mitropetros who Mike Rose professed to have small preparing in English yet still figured out how to get a new line of work as an English instructor. Before depicting what the instruction framework in a professional school, the creator gives us some foundation data on a portion of the understudy segment and a portion of the educators that were responsible for these rowdy understudies. Giving a point by point portrayal of these individuals gives perusers a more critical look in the general condition before investigating the framework. The peruser would already be able to see that these understudies, under initial introduction, are unmotivated to learn and that the educators have issues of their own and makes the peruser question the skill of a portion of these employees. As Rose keeps on portraying what his classes resemble, he gives progressively itemized portrayals of some more cohorts and classmates. From his depictions, the peruser can get to truly observe the lost potential in a portion of these understudies. Ted Richard, a realized road battle inâ school, was entirely the philosophical character who appreciated perusing anything he could and chatted with anybody from a homeless person to a specialist. Rose portrayed him as forming into â€Å"one of those unpleasant cut scholarly people whose sources a blend of the educated and the apocryphal† (161). With these instances of the kinds of understudies that travel every which way through professional school, Rose quietly uncovers how these normalized schools have neglected to cause understudies to understand their maximum capacity. All through this entire determination Rose makes references to numerous circumstances that most any understudy, current or past, may identify with. He utilizes language, for example, â€Å"You’ll see a bunch of understudies far exceed expectations you in courses that sound exotic† (162). By utilizing this kind of language the writer makes an uncommon space where he can speak with the peruser on a progressively close to home level. There is a feeling that the writer is conversing with the peruser rather than talking at them or just obviously recounting to a story. He effectively attempts to pull the crowd in to all the more likely comprehend his story by empowering the perusers to think once again into their own encounters too. With the utilization of his own secondary school understanding, the crowd can stroll along withâ the creator as he conquers impediments and restrictions. He doesn't give a commonplace clarification of how he battled in school, however he illustrates the sentiments of deficiency when the very framework that is assumed encourage learning and the securing of information is the one that is smothering its understudies and defining their limits. In spite of the fact that Rose never straightforwardly asserts this is what's going on, however we the crowd can see this incident in his story as well as encountering this in our own undertakings in the quest for information.

Project Planning with Mind Maps (Examples)

Project Planning with Mind Maps (Examples) Mind maps are an invaluable tool  when it comes to project planning. They foster a free flow of ideas, which is ideal for creative brainstormings; they structure information visually and thus provide a great overview of all project-related data; If youre using MindMeister, your mind maps are also  collaborative, which means you can share them  with colleagues and edit them together in real-time; maps can even be  turned into other formats such as slideshows, Word documents or agile project boards. Below  youll find a number of great  examples of how  mind maps can help you with all your project planning needs: 1. Brainstorming Project Ideas Brainstorming in online mind maps has been found to be even more effective than traditional, in-person brainstorming sessions. In fact, using online mind maps can increase your  creative output by about 50% (read more about this in our article about online brainstorming with mind maps!). So if you want to develop or flesh out your next great idea, heres how to get started: Open a blank mind map in MindMeister and write your idea in the center of the map. Add 3 to 6 first-level topics (branches) around the center with significant keywords. Explore the details of your idea by adding child topics to the branches. Important: Let your thoughts flow freely and don’t censor your ideas. Don’t interrupt your brainstorming until you’re satisfied with the result or have run out of ideas. Take a look at the sample mind map below: 2. Refine and Present Your Project Idea After your initial brainstorming, chances are you will be left with a bit of a mess. Nows the time to comb through the ideas and thoughts youve collected in your map, delete the useless ones, and reorder the good ones to create a meaningful structure. Remove topics with inapplicable ideas. Move topics around to create a proper structure for your map. Add explanations and details to your ideas in the form of notes, links, images and files. Add emphasis to topics by choosing appropriate styles and icons. Once youve mapped out your vision, youll probably want to present it to your team, your superiors or your client. The best way to do this is by using MindMeisters built-in presentation mode to turn the mind map into a dynamic slideshow. Open presentation mode and create slides for the topics in your map. Add appropriate transitions to the slides. Present your idea to the decision makers. 3. Perform a Benefit-Cost Analysis A benefit-cost analysis helps you decide whether its really a good idea to undertake the project youve been planning. To perform a benefit-cost-analysis in a mind map: Open a blank mind map  in MindMeister. Create one branch for your project objectives. Create one branch for estimated resources required to perform the project. Create a third branch for anticipated benefits. Calculate the project’s net present value (=excess of project’s expected benefits over its estimated costs in monetary terms) and use the result to decide whether you should go ahead with the project. 4. Outline Your Project Plan While the actual writing process is better done in a text document, mind maps are a fantastic format for outlining the chapters and contents of your project plan. Mind maps not only visualize your entire project plan on a single page, they also offer space for notes, links and comments. You can even attach whole files to the topics in your mind maps. To get started Open a blank mind map to create an outline for your project plan (or use the mind map  template below  as a starting point). Create first-level topics for what will later become the various chapters of your plan (e.g. “Reasons for undertaking this project”, “Intended results”, “Roles and responsibilities”, etc.). Add details to each first-level topic in the form of  child topics. Try to stick to individual keywords and short phrases so as to not clutter up your map. You can add longer explanations in the form of notes. Bring a logical order into your topics, then export the finished outline as a Word document. Use this new text document for the actual writing process. Have your project plan reviewed and signed off by the decision makers. Tip: Re-use this mind map as a project roadmap by simplifying it and sharing it with your project team and relevant stakeholders. A project roadmap is a great tool to quickly review your goals and milestones and ensure youre still on schedule. Of course, you can easily update the roadmap throughout the projects lifetime if your priorities change or you need to refine your previous estimates. 5. Create a Project Stakeholders List Project stakeholders  are entities that have an interest in a given  project.  Compiling a list of your stakeholders will help you decide if and when you should involve them  in decisions and help you determine the scope of the project. Open a blank mind map and create one branch for “internal” stakeholders (i.e. people inside your organization) and one for “external” stakeholders. (Or simply clone the template weve prepared below). Add child-topics representing the various departments and groups involved in the project, such as team members, end users, upper management, suppliers etc. Divide these categories and groups further until you arrive at the actual names of people. Be sure to add their contact information! Share your mind map with co-workers who could potentially know of other important parties to add to the list. Update the list throughout the project and save it for potential reuse in future projects. So those are 5 simple ways mind maps can aid you in all stages of project planning. When youre ready to go from planning to execution, you can use MindMeisters integration with the collaborative project manager MeisterTask to seamlessly turn your mind maps into agile project boards, and get productive with your team! Discover project management with mind mapping Sign up for MindMeister Sign up for MindMeister

A Harsh World and Culture on the American Ranch in Of Mice...

How does Steinbeck create for the reader a harsh world and culture on the American Ranch in Of Mice and Men? In chapter one of Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck first of all describes the beautiful scene, then the characters are introduced, Lennie and George. The reader learns that they are on their way to a ranch to work. They are making camp before they will go to the ranch the next day. Lennie and George have hurriedly left their last ranch following an incident involving Lennie. The next day they arrive at the ranch where they meet the other characters, the old swamper Candy, The Boss, the boss son Curley, Curleys striking wife who flirts with all the men. Also Slim the respected worker on the ranch and Carlson, another†¦show more content†¦The reason this is quite an important part of the ending of the chapter is that Steinbeck is giving the reader a clue of the chapter that is about to come. The fact that the coyote and the dog are talking to each other in this ending is chilling because the reader cannot understand what they are saying but they are talking to each other. It gives the reader a sense of unknown. It gives a clue that something not so relaxing is going to happen. After Lennie and George arrive at the r anch, they are taken to the bunkhouse where they will be living. The beginning of chapter two describes the bunkhouse: Over each bunk there was nailed an apple box with the opening forward so that it made two shelves for the personal belongings of the occupant. Now in contrast to the beautiful things that Steinbeck described in chapter one, this is a bit of a change. A harsh environment is created in this sentence by the fact that there is no real shelves, that they have to use apple boxes. This puts forward the thought to the reader that it is a poor environment that Lennie and George will have to live in. Steinbeck also talks about the whitewashes walls and the unpainted floor in this description of the bunkhouse. Steinbeck uses this contrast to show the harshness of the ranch. Even if the description of the ranch on its own did not sound very harsh, after chapter one where Steinbeck describes such a pleasant place, inShow MoreRelatedThe Inevitable Truth Of Loneliness1433 Words   |  6 PagesAP English III 12 December, 2014 The Inevitable Truth of Loneliness John Steinbeck, author Of Mice and Men, paints a whole world of lonesomeness that creates an inevitable obstacle at every corner of life. Steinbeck lives through the characters of his story explaining the concept he perceives of loneliness. The way the characters talk, live, and even interact with the world and each other forms a world of isolation and solitude. Steinbeck integrates his ideas together to form a main theme of lonelinessRead MoreOf Mice and Men - Lifestyle of the Average Itinerant Worker in America During the Great Depression1852 Words   |  8 PagesDiverse Cultures - English Coursework What have you learnt about the of 1930’s, as depicted by Steinbeck in â€Å"Of Mice and Men?† The Great Depression was a worldwide economic breakdown. It was the largest and most important economic depression in modern history; it began in the United States on Black Tuesday with the Wall Street crash of October 1929 and rapidly spread worldwide. It lasted about a decade, ending in the early 1940s. Poverty stricken, life became a struggle to survive. Banks,Read More Of Mice and Men’ is a novel about people. Are there too many3038 Words   |  13 PagesOf Mice and Men’ is a novel about people. Are there too many cripples, misfits and unusual characters in the novel to consider Steinbeck’s portrayal as true life? Steinbeck’s novel is based on ordinary people during the American Depression. Steinbeck has an understanding of how migrant workers were and how it was as he had his childhood in California near Salinas Valley. During the period in which the novel was wrote was written migrant workers went from ranch to ranch working for moneyRead MoreThe American Dream in Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay2971 Words   |  12 PagesThe American Dream in Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men is a story set during the 1930s America, this was a time when the great depression had hit the world. This novel was written by John Steinbeck who had based most of his work in the story location. The main aspect of this story evolves around the American dream, and how it is perceived by the characters. The American dream is an expression for everything great in life; it is based on a dream that hasRead More Brief Biography of John Steinbeck Essay3594 Words   |  15 Pagesthe literary scene with Of Mice and Men, and published the first three parts of The Red Pony the same year. The play of Of Mice and Men went on stage and won the Drama Critics Circle Award. The next year, he published The Long Valley and the last part of The Red Pony. His big project for the year, however, was working and researching a great novel, to be published in 1939 under the title The Grapes of Wrath. With this book, Steinbeck insured his future in the literary world. The book was so controversialRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck3583 Words   |  15 PagesJohn Steinbeck John Steinbeck was an American novelist; born on February 27, 1902 in Salinas, California. Steinbeck dropped out of college and worked as a manual laborer before becoming a successful writer. His 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath (migration of a family from the Oklahoma Dust Bowl to California) won a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award. John Steinbeck also served in World War II; and the outstanding author died in New York in December 20, 1968 caused by a heart diseaseRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBehavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Read MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words   |  170 Pages Michael Rich, Xian Feng Jia and Rob Clarke gave a multifaceted presentation to the faculty of Detex Textile College in the Netherlands to help them incorporate hemp into their curriculum. ---Rob Clarke presented talks on two topics at the North American Industrial Hemp Forum, one a slide presentation about hemp cultivation strategies in Eastern Europe and China, and a second debate challenging the feasibility of genetically marking industrial hemp varieties (see page 104). The passage of the last

Fascinating Humpback Whale Facts

Captivity of Killer Whales Free Essays

Persuasive Speech Outline The Effects of Captivity on Killer Whales Specific Purpose:To persuade my audience that holding killer whales in captivity is harmful to the mammal. Central Idea:Holding killer whales in captivity is a harmful problem to the mammal that requires action from both the government and the public. Introduction On February 24, 2010 couples and families were seated in the stadiums at SeaWorld in Orlando, Florida for one of the most popular shows at the theme park â€Å"Believe†. We will write a custom essay sample on Captivity of Killer Whales or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unfortunately, many families participating in that day’s event were eye-witnesses to an extremely traumatic tragedy at the SeaWorld theme park. It was reported by CNN news that the trainer Dawna Brancheau was grabbed by the mouth of Tilikum, the killer whale, and was thrashed around the tank until she was dead. It was also reported that the trainer was showing the audience how Tilikum liked his belly to be rubbed. He then took off from the side of the tank, came back, and picked her up from around the waist and began to violently shake her. Tourists and visitors were immediately evacuated from the â€Å"Shamu† Stadiums and the show was closed down for the rest of the day. Wild Orcas, also known as killer whales, are not typically considered a threat to human beings. In fact, the primary cases of killer whales attacking humans are only those that have been held captive at various marine theme parks. Having attended marine theme parks, such as, SeaWorld, I can confirm that animals within the theme park are being exploited solely for the purpose of entertainment. Today, I’ll show you how holding killer whales in captivity is a harmful problem to the mammals and I’ll also suggest some ways of solving this problem. Transition: Let’s start with addressing the harmful effects that captivity can have on killer whales. ) Body I. There are two main problems with keeping killer whales in captivity. A. Killer whales in captivity are being deprived of necessary items that are causing them to have shorter life spans. 1. According to underwatertimes. com, killer whales in the wild live on average between 30 and 50 years, while those living in ca ptivity only live around 10 years. a. According to asconline. org, killer whales live shorter lives than those in the wild due to a lack of stimulation. . Whales in captivity are not exposed to the same sights and sounds they would normally experience in the wild. c. Whales who are unable to live with other sounds of other mammals and are confined to blue tanks with the sound of running pumps, loud music, and cheering crowds will eventually become stressed. 2. Killer whales undergo psychological stress when they are captured. a. When a whale is captured, it is taken from its family and the separation and loss of bond can cause it extreme mental stress. b. According to an article written by Stephen Lilley, 75% percent of whales do not survive through the intense separation period when taken captive. 3. According to theorcaproject. com, whales in captivity at marine mammal parks often are receiving poor oral health care. a. Just as in humans, poor oral health and gum disease can lead to serious infections, illness, and even death in killer whales. b. Almost half of the whales held in captivity, have broken or fractured teeth from biting on steel gates, and are not being properly repaired. c. Whales teeth at marine theme parks eventually become infected or fall out because of poor oral health care and it is believed to be another link to why the whale’s life span is so much shorter. (Transition: Holding killer whales captive will not only cause them a shorter life span, but it can also change their social behaviors as well. ) B. Holding killer whales in captivity can negatively change their social behaviors. 1. According to hsus. org, the stress on the whales in captivity can cause stomach ulcers, and pacing. a. Stomach ulcers are often found in whales in captivity due to the stressful lifestyle. . Whales resort to pacing around the tank in circles to emulate the fast strong feeling of a swim normally done in the wild in an attempt to keep their dorsal fin upright. c. Without a strong long distance swim, a whale’s dorsal fin becomes weakened and will eventually either look bent, curve to the side, or break off. 2. Self-mutilation is another unordinary behavi or that occurs with whales in captivity. a. Whales kept at marine mammal parks, have been known to ram their heads into the sides of the tank in order to relieve stress. b. Whales kept at marine mammal parks, have been known to bite along the steel gates that separate the whales in order to help relieve their stress, however; this results in broken teeth and other oral problems. 3. Aggression towards the whale’s trainers is frequently seen with whales held in captivity and can make it very dangerous for trainers to work with them. a. Trainers at SeaWorld have noticed aggressive behavior such as biting, grabbing, and forceful nudging from the whales occasionally but are not allowed to speak about it. b. According to an article on moneytimes. om, the whale Tilikum has been responsible for three deaths during his time in captivity. c. The most recent death was of Dawna Brancheau, who had part of her scalp torn off, her arm torn off, and fractures on her back, ribs, legs, arms, face, and spinal cord. (Transition: Now that we have discussed the two main problems with keeping killer whales in captivity, let’s discuss what we can do to help solve these problems. ) II. Solving the problem of the captivity of killer whales requires action from both the government and the public. A. New laws have to be put in place to make it illegal to take killer whales captive and put them on display for the sole purpose of entertainment for others. 1. New laws would need to be created to require marine theme parks like SeaWorld and Aquatica to release the mammals back into the wild . 2. The government would also need to enforce that marine amusement parks be prohibited from using live animals in shows for entertainment, and they would need to encourage the public to become educated about these creatures through other means. a. Once the whales have been released back into their natural habitat, marine theme parks could replace them with very popular and successful robotic-like creatures that could still educate visitors about the animals without subjecting them to a lifetime of captivity. (Transition: The government instituting new laws is not the only way we can solve this problem, but also through the support of the general public. ) B. The public should begin to choose alternative ways to become educated about killer whales, that don’t require harming the animals. 1. Choosing to continue to support marine theme parks such as SeaWorld only encourages these types of places to have more funding to go and capture more marine animals. 2. Going on a whale watch and seeing them in their natural habitat is an alternative to supporting places like SeaWorld. Conclusion In conclusion, I am urging you to truly realize exactly what these great mammals are being forced to endure before choosing to go visit and support marine amusement parks such as SeaWorld. We as humans cannot ever fully imagine what it would feel like to be captured by strange creatures and taken from our normal lives and our families. We cannot ever fully imagine being put on display to perform circus-like tricks for loud audiences and then being forced to idle around all day in confined tanks that would feel about the size of a bathtub to us. As thrilling an experience it may seem to see killer whales in shows or even to peer through the glass as they swim in their tank, the effects of captivity on killer whales can be truly devastating. We would serve both ourselves and the whales much more by studying them in the wild. It is only there that we can catch a glimpse of them in their true glory. Works Cited Couwels, John, and Brian Todd. Orca Kills Trainer at SeaWorld Orlando // Current. † Current TV: News Video Clips Current News Articles // Current. 25 Feb. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. http://current. com/news/92212843_orca-kills-trainer-at-seaworld-orlando. htm. Stephern, Lilly. â€Å"Killer Whale (Orca) | Cetacean Fact Sheet | American Cetacean Society. † ACS – American Cetacean Society. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. http://www. acsonline. org/factpack/KillerWhale. htm. â€Å"The Hidden Cost Of Captivity- Oral Health of Killer Whales Exposed  « The Orca Project. † The Orca Project. 25 Sept. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. How to cite Captivity of Killer Whales, Papers Captivity of Killer Whales Free Essays Persuasive Speech Outline The Effects of Captivity on Killer Whales Specific Purpose:To persuade my audience that holding killer whales in captivity is harmful to the mammal. Central Idea:Holding killer whales in captivity is a harmful problem to the mammal that requires action from both the government and the public. Introduction On February 24, 2010 couples and families were seated in the stadiums at SeaWorld in Orlando, Florida for one of the most popular shows at the theme park â€Å"Believe†. We will write a custom essay sample on Captivity of Killer Whales or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unfortunately, many families participating in that day’s event were eye-witnesses to an extremely traumatic tragedy at the SeaWorld theme park. It was reported by CNN news that the trainer Dawna Brancheau was grabbed by the mouth of Tilikum, the killer whale, and was thrashed around the tank until she was dead. It was also reported that the trainer was showing the audience how Tilikum liked his belly to be rubbed. He then took off from the side of the tank, came back, and picked her up from around the waist and began to violently shake her. Tourists and visitors were immediately evacuated from the â€Å"Shamu† Stadiums and the show was closed down for the rest of the day. Wild Orcas, also known as killer whales, are not typically considered a threat to human beings. In fact, the primary cases of killer whales attacking humans are only those that have been held captive at various marine theme parks. Having attended marine theme parks, such as, SeaWorld, I can confirm that animals within the theme park are being exploited solely for the purpose of entertainment. Today, I’ll show you how holding killer whales in captivity is a harmful problem to the mammals and I’ll also suggest some ways of solving this problem. Transition: Let’s start with addressing the harmful effects that captivity can have on killer whales. ) Body I. There are two main problems with keeping killer whales in captivity. A. Killer whales in captivity are being deprived of necessary items that are causing them to have shorter life spans. 1. According to underwatertimes. com, killer whales in the wild live on average between 30 and 50 years, while those living in ca ptivity only live around 10 years. a. According to asconline. org, killer whales live shorter lives than those in the wild due to a lack of stimulation. . Whales in captivity are not exposed to the same sights and sounds they would normally experience in the wild. c. Whales who are unable to live with other sounds of other mammals and are confined to blue tanks with the sound of running pumps, loud music, and cheering crowds will eventually become stressed. 2. Killer whales undergo psychological stress when they are captured. a. When a whale is captured, it is taken from its family and the separation and loss of bond can cause it extreme mental stress. b. According to an article written by Stephen Lilley, 75% percent of whales do not survive through the intense separation period when taken captive. 3. According to theorcaproject. com, whales in captivity at marine mammal parks often are receiving poor oral health care. a. Just as in humans, poor oral health and gum disease can lead to serious infections, illness, and even death in killer whales. b. Almost half of the whales held in captivity, have broken or fractured teeth from biting on steel gates, and are not being properly repaired. c. Whales teeth at marine theme parks eventually become infected or fall out because of poor oral health care and it is believed to be another link to why the whale’s life span is so much shorter. (Transition: Holding killer whales captive will not only cause them a shorter life span, but it can also change their social behaviors as well. ) B. Holding killer whales in captivity can negatively change their social behaviors. 1. According to hsus. org, the stress on the whales in captivity can cause stomach ulcers, and pacing. a. Stomach ulcers are often found in whales in captivity due to the stressful lifestyle. . Whales resort to pacing around the tank in circles to emulate the fast strong feeling of a swim normally done in the wild in an attempt to keep their dorsal fin upright. c. Without a strong long distance swim, a whale’s dorsal fin becomes weakened and will eventually either look bent, curve to the side, or break off. 2. Self-mutilation is another unordinary behavi or that occurs with whales in captivity. a. Whales kept at marine mammal parks, have been known to ram their heads into the sides of the tank in order to relieve stress. b. Whales kept at marine mammal parks, have been known to bite along the steel gates that separate the whales in order to help relieve their stress, however; this results in broken teeth and other oral problems. 3. Aggression towards the whale’s trainers is frequently seen with whales held in captivity and can make it very dangerous for trainers to work with them. a. Trainers at SeaWorld have noticed aggressive behavior such as biting, grabbing, and forceful nudging from the whales occasionally but are not allowed to speak about it. b. According to an article on moneytimes. om, the whale Tilikum has been responsible for three deaths during his time in captivity. c. The most recent death was of Dawna Brancheau, who had part of her scalp torn off, her arm torn off, and fractures on her back, ribs, legs, arms, face, and spinal cord. (Transition: Now that we have discussed the two main problems with keeping killer whales in captivity, let’s discuss what we can do to help solve these problems. ) II. Solving the problem of the captivity of killer whales requires action from both the government and the public. A. New laws have to be put in place to make it illegal to take killer whales captive and put them on display for the sole purpose of entertainment for others. 1. New laws would need to be created to require marine theme parks like SeaWorld and Aquatica to release the mammals back into the wild . 2. The government would also need to enforce that marine amusement parks be prohibited from using live animals in shows for entertainment, and they would need to encourage the public to become educated about these creatures through other means. a. Once the whales have been released back into their natural habitat, marine theme parks could replace them with very popular and successful robotic-like creatures that could still educate visitors about the animals without subjecting them to a lifetime of captivity. (Transition: The government instituting new laws is not the only way we can solve this problem, but also through the support of the general public. ) B. The public should begin to choose alternative ways to become educated about killer whales, that don’t require harming the animals. 1. Choosing to continue to support marine theme parks such as SeaWorld only encourages these types of places to have more funding to go and capture more marine animals. 2. Going on a whale watch and seeing them in their natural habitat is an alternative to supporting places like SeaWorld. Conclusion In conclusion, I am urging you to truly realize exactly what these great mammals are being forced to endure before choosing to go visit and support marine amusement parks such as SeaWorld. We as humans cannot ever fully imagine what it would feel like to be captured by strange creatures and taken from our normal lives and our families. We cannot ever fully imagine being put on display to perform circus-like tricks for loud audiences and then being forced to idle around all day in confined tanks that would feel about the size of a bathtub to us. As thrilling an experience it may seem to see killer whales in shows or even to peer through the glass as they swim in their tank, the effects of captivity on killer whales can be truly devastating. We would serve both ourselves and the whales much more by studying them in the wild. It is only there that we can catch a glimpse of them in their true glory. Works Cited Couwels, John, and Brian Todd. Orca Kills Trainer at SeaWorld Orlando // Current. † Current TV: News Video Clips Current News Articles // Current. 25 Feb. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. http://current. com/news/92212843_orca-kills-trainer-at-seaworld-orlando. htm. Stephern, Lilly. â€Å"Killer Whale (Orca) | Cetacean Fact Sheet | American Cetacean Society. † ACS – American Cetacean Society. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. http://www. acsonline. org/factpack/KillerWhale. htm. â€Å"The Hidden Cost Of Captivity- Oral Health of Killer Whales Exposed  « The Orca Project. † The Orca Project. 25 Sept. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. 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All the worlds a stage from Shakespeares As You Like It Act 2, Scene 7 Essay Example For Students

All the worlds a stage from Shakespeares As You Like It Act 2, Scene 7 Essay In All the worlds a stage- from Shakespeares As You Like It Act 2, Scene 7- Shakespeare had chosen the title of his speech very carefully. All the worlds a stage is infact a metaphor, as the world is being portrayed as a stage. It was the point of this speech to convey to the reader/listener the possibility that our lives and the way we live them are innate, have been programmed into us prior to birth, by the powers that be. All the men and women are merely actors on a stage, playing a pre determined part, speaking a pre determined script. Some people believe that we exist only to play our part. That we have no real freedom, we are simply players; as in a game of chess. You may be lucky enough to play the queen, king or bishop, but more often than not, we are the pawns. We play along in our constant battle to be recognised and respected, to reach fulfilment a quest on which we all embark. Not all of us win our battle; such is the game of life. However, Shakespeare has focused his speech on one man, who in his time plays many parts, his acts being shown as the following seven ages: The first part is the infant, a vital stage at which everyone begins the battle, the game. Shakespeare shows his character in infancy by describing him as mewling and puking in the nurses arms. By including this statement in his speech, Shakespeare gives the impression that he dislikes babies. By saying that they are mewling and puking he is saying that they vomit and cry, are messy and feeble. By making reference to a nurse, he is saying that the baby is helpless. Shakespeare considers infants in general to be a burden and a nuisance. He then goes on to describe whining school-boy, with his satchel and shining morning face, creeping like snail unwillingly to school. In this sentence, we can gather that the child is on his way to school, rather reluctantly; has a fresh clean face no doubt previously having had his face washed by his mother but is showing his reluctance by walking slowly to school. Nothing unusual there then? Well, nothing except the way Shakespeare describes the innocent young child as whining and creeping, which would also suggest discomfort and distaste towards this young boy merely playing his part well. Next, comes the lover. Shakespeare is certain to have something good to say about the lover you might thinkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ wrong again. Shakespeare describes the lover as sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad made to his mistress eyebrow. I wonder why the lover is writing a poem about his mistresses eyebrow and not a more beautiful part of her body, of which I am sure there are plenty. Maybe Shakespeare was jealous? Jealous that this man has what many people would describe as the best part of all; maybe Shakespeare was envious of his youth, freedom and opportunities. It is possible that his odium for the lover is symbolic of Shakespeares own past, of which we know very little. The lover is followed by the soldier, of whom Shakespeare again shows his revulsion. Shakespeare describes the soldier as being full of strange oaths, jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel and seeking the bubble reputation even in the cannons mouth. This description would imply that Shakespeares interpretation of the soldier is that: the soldier in envious of his comrades, too quick to jump to conclusions, ignorant of the dangers facing them, eager to become a hero and most of all, unaware or indifferent to the realness and conviction of death itself. Not really a pretty picture is it? .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a , .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .postImageUrl , .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a , .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a:hover , .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a:visited , .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a:active { border:0!important; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a:active , .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Does Macbeth deserve his fate? EssayWeve found yet another player in the big game of life that Shakespeare is not altogether fond of- to say the least. However, on this rare occasion, I am inclined to agree with him, or at least share his view on the stupidity and futility of soldiers in general, although I do accept that as with all other things, there are exceptions to the rule. Moving on, we come to the fifth stage, which is described as the justice, in fair round belly with good capon lind, with eyes severe and beard of formal cut, full of wise saws and modern instances and is infact the only age that Shakespeare is seen to approve of! Shakespeare has a lot of good things to say about the justice, he describes him as fair in round belly, implying that he is well fed and has a taste for good old fashioned ale- a good manly tradition in Shakespeares time; eyes severe could mean cruel or strict, which would imply status and importance; full of wise saws and modern instances would obviously mean that he is wise, clever and has experience of life. It is fair to say that these are all positive comments about the fifth age. I think that the reason that Shakespeare is so positive about the justice, is that because he himself was at the fifth stage when he wrote this speech. The sixth stage shifts into the lean and slipperd pantaloon, with spectacles on nose and pouch on side, his youthful hose, well savd, a world too wide for his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice, turning again toward childish treble, pipes and whistles in his sound. Here, we have moved back into the negative comments, with a slightly positive hint about them. Lean and slipperd would imply that he spends most of his life indoors, spectacles on his nose is saying that his eyesight is poor, symbolic of deteriation due to age; manly voice, turned again toward childish treble, implying that this man is shrinking once more into childhood and dependency upon others. The seventh stage, the last of all, that ends this strange and eventful history, describes a descent into a second childishness and into mere oblivion, which sounds to me not like a life at all, but an existence, simply waiting for death to take away his misery. It is interesting to note that death here is the saviour, the taking away of lifes problems, not adding to them. I think that an important part of this speech is the way Shakespeare frequently uses sounds and references to speaking, associating the voice with deteriation and generally creating negative connotations. All of the characters in Shakespeares stages of life are described some way or other in terms of speaking. For example, the lover sighs, the soldier is full of strange oaths, the old man loses his manly voice, and by the final stage the man cannot speak at all having lost everything.

Romeo And Juliet Details Essays - Characters In Romeo And Juliet

Romeo And Juliet Details Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare is generally regarded as one of the greatest writers of English literature. Romeo and Juliet is considered one of Shakespeare's most popular plays of all time. It is a compelling and timeless drama about innocent, young lovers separated by their feuding families. In Romeo and Juliet, Romeo Montague is the tragic hero. As the play develops, Romeo grows from boyhood to manhood through his change from lust to love. In the beginning of the play, Romeo is a little boy moaning over love. Sad because he is not with the women he believes he loves, "Bid a sick man in sadness make his will. Ah, word ill urged to one that is so ill!" . Never experiencing the true meaning of love; he prances around, acting as if he knows of true love. For example, He explains his emotions to be, "A madness most discreet, A choking gall, and a preserving sweet" (I, i, 191-192). He believes he is in love with Rosaline, "I do love a woman" but is only lust from a young man ( I, i, 203). It is lust because Romeo is easily persuaded by Benvolio to go to the Capulet ball to look upon other beautiful ladies, "Sups the fair Rosaline whom thou so loves; With all the admired beauties of Verona. Go thither, and with unattainted eye Compare her face with some that I shall show, And I will make thee think they swan a crow" (I, ii, 85-89). Romeo enters the Capulet ball where he meets Juliet. At the ball, Romeo sees Juliet for the first time, "What lady's that, which doth enrich the hand/Of yonder knight?" (I, iv, 41-42). There is no turning back for him now. He does feel something, "Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight!/For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night" (I, v, 51-52). Is it love at first sight? He is quick in his confession of love towards Juliet. It is not love but lust because hours before those same feelings were devoted to Rosaline, "She hath forsworn to love, and in that vow/Do I live dead that live to tell it now" (I, i, 221-222). Romeo is still young and wild at heart. His emotions are uncontrollable. He is not mature enough to know what he is feeling. Romeo chases Juliet to the balcony, and speaks softly to himself as he see her, "Her vestal livery is but sick and green, And none but fools do wear it. Cast it off" (II, i, 7-8), which has sexual meaning. Interpreted means, "You don't look good in those clothes so Take them off!". This is an example of lust at its highest peak. Also in the balcony scene, as Juliet is being called upon by the nurse, Romeo says, "O, wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied," also being of sexual context (II, ii, 125). In astonishment, Juliet replies, "What satisfaction canst thou have to-night?" (II, ii, 126). Romeo replies back, "Th' exchange of thy love's faithful vow for mine" (II, ii, 127). Only knowing Juliet for a matter of hours; he confesses his love, and has already forgot about Rosaline, "No. I have forgot that name and that name's woe" (II, iii, 46). Wanting to marry Juliet, Romeo goes to Friar Lawrence for help, "I'll tell thee as we pass; but this I pray, That thou consent to marry us to-day." (II, iii, 63-64). From this point, it does show that Romeo is starting to get serious about his affections towards Juliet. Without consent from their parents, Romeo and Juliet get married. The true Romeo is starting to emerge as he steps up to the manly responsibilities of marriage. After being married, Romeo is confronted by Tybalt. Romeo hesitates in fighting him, "I do protest I never injured thee, But love thee better than thou canst devise. Till thou shalt know the reason of my love; And so, good Capulet, which name I tender/ As dearly as mine own, be satisfied," because Tybalt is family to him now (III, i, 68-71). This is where Romeo shows the deepest passions of love towards Juliet. Fighting is the last thing on his mind. He does not permit himself to fight Tybalt because of his love towards Juliet. Tybalt, the villain he is, pushes Romeo into fighting him by killing Romeo's bestfriend, Mercutio. Romeo slays Tybalt, and is thereby banished by the Prince, "Immediately we do exile him hence" (III, i, 185). After Romeo

Existentialism and Human Nature Essays

Existentialism and Human Nature Essays Existentialism and Human Nature Essay Existentialism and Human Nature Essay Absolute individualism and absolute freedom: the footing of all existentialist statements. The existentialist’s constructs arise from their held positions that since we are all finally alone. we have absolute freedom over our nature. Existentialists emphasize the free and witting self which opponents invariably onslaught. crying that there is a higher power enabling our consciousness. But are worlds so simple? Can things be explained entirely on faulting ourselves or another being for our nature? The existential philosopher by and large believes in a exclusive being ; intending that we are entirely in the universe. and that we have no 1 but ourselves. They besides believe in the human being’s capacity to experience more than one sort of hurting. and that there are three different degrees to our hurting. physical. psychological. and emotional. All of these types of hurting can do us to go irrational and dying. But are we truly dying because of this hurting. or is it because we finally experience entirely? And if we are all persons. can we truly experience the same sort of hurting as person else? Existence precedes kernel is besides dominant in the head and ideas of the existential philosopher. That is. the thought that we are born into this universe without a preset nature. and merely subsequently in life do we determine out nature through actions and picks. This opposes the traditional position that is that kernel precedes being. harmonizing to which we are seen as holding a intent. and values. all of which is determined before birth. ( I personally think that the thought of kernel predating being is instead vague. There is no manner that our values and aim can be determined by familial codification. Deoxyribonucleic acid is what we are. non who we are. ) Existentialists pose another inquiry to the resistance: how can we be happy in a universe devoid of significance and significance? The loss of external values allows us to deduce value from within ourselves. This value is greater than any imposed by outside forces. and therefore can non be taken off from said beginnings. Although many human existences live a life devoid of true felicity. it does non intend that we are incapable of achieving such a end. If a individual finds the significance for their life. whether it be one significance. or many. there is a big opportunity that they can accomplish such a Utopia without acknowledging outside influences. Peoples of different point of views follow different methods. every bit good as believe in different forces that shape our nature. It is in my sentiment. every bit good as that of the existential philosopher. that we shape our ain nature through determinations and actions made by our ain free will ; that we are finally free to move independently from the influences of outside forces. That we can finally disregard the positions imposed on us. and accomplish a sustainable degree of felicity in the procedure. Human nature is a frail thing ; people are merely looking for person else to fault for their actions and for who they are. even when there isn’t any. Therefore. there is no 1 to fault for who we are. but ourselves.

Creating a Strong Monarchy System during the Reign of Henry IV Essay

Creating a Strong Monarchy System during the Reign of Henry IV - Essay Example With France shattered with these fights, Henry IV was determined to end the enmity that characterized the country of France, create more freedom for religious movements, halt the war between various religious groups and enhance the power of the government. To achieve these goals, Henry IV embarked on a series of strategic actions that allowed him to achieve significant success in these areas, and despite his assassination, people will still remember him for his outstanding successes. As  the King of France, Henry IV realized the importance of building an administrative center, which he did in Paris by initiating radical changes (Ranum 87). This was to become Henry’s official residence and a center for government businesses could be carried. For instance, issues such as tax collection could be translated into the Palace des Vosges in Paris. The construction of the palace in the 17th century was also a vital achievement to Henry IV who was keen in establishing a strong monarch y government controlled the people of France in many aspects of their lives (Hsia 164). This palace, which became a model for other city centers, signified his power.When Henry IV came into power, he became interested in making peace with the church by creating more freedom for the Protestants. Faced with this task, Henry was quick to note that creating more freedoms to the religious groups like Protestants could make him more popular than he was, at least before the Protestants. To achieve this goal, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes in 1958 (Melton 201). This edict provided freedom to the Huguenots who had fewer religious liberties. For a long time, the Catholic crown found itself at a collision course with France’s Huguenots who felt that their privileges were being denied. However, Henry IV was quick to call for a lasting solution that would make the Huguenots end their rebellions. Therefore, Henry IV promulgated the Edict of Nantes, which gave the Huguenots religious t olerance in France. Because of Henry IV’s role, people started to respect the religious liberty of other people across French society.

Analysis of Warmart annnual report 2009 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Analysis of Warmart annnual report 2009 - Essay Example Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. functions Wal-Mart discount stores, super-centers, local markets and Sams Club sites in the United States. The company also functions in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom (Wal-Mart Issues 2009 Annual Report to Shareholders). According to Rob Walton, Chairman of the Board of Directors, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., the world requires a retailer that saves individuals’ money to provide them a better life. The director of the company is proud to know that millions of customers as well as the new ones are turning to them for their service. They are better placed than ever to meet the requirements of our consumers and members. Their approaches are distinctly defined and their management group is united and focused on distributing the best possible experience for customers and associates. The merchandising group functions with suppliers to guarantee value, diversity and quality. What works behind their success is the global price leadership position. They are much more committed to sustainability, liable sourcing and affiliate opportunity which creates a difference for them. Development opportunities keeps on emerging even in complicated business environments. Their major strength is their consistency which in turn helps them to maintain leadership. Mike Duke is committed to the values and goal that are Sam Walton’s birthright, in addition to the members, consumers and shareholders. Lee Scott, ex-CEO for nine years, assisted Wal-Mart to reach heights of sustainability, variety and inclusion of all individuals and helped the owners to engage with others on crucial issues like health care, and also supported to strengthen Wal-Mart’s status as a reliable and caring company. The management of Wal-Mart always tries to present its financial reports in a clear and

The effect of human population growth on resources

The effect of human population growth on resources Human Population growth and the effect on natural resource consumption In the last 50 years the world population has grown faster than ever before, and in many countries and regions of the world this population growth and the consumption of natural resources resulting from this growth is becoming a matter of great concern for governments and international development agencies (World Bank. 2004). National populations are expected to grow in every countries of East, Southeast, and South and Central Asia except Japan and Kazakhstan, populations will double or nearly double in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Cambodia, and Laos, growth rates will also be particularly high in India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Vietnam (Asia Population, 2013). This implies an enormous concern for the reason that population growth represents more consumption, depletion, contamination and use of natural resources. This essay aims to discuss the population growth crisis, specifically the relationship between population growth, envi ronmental sustainability and ecological impacts due to human intervention on environment. In 1798, Thomas Malthus studied the nature of population growth in Europe, he claimed that population was increasing faster than food production, and he feared that eventual global starvation may become unsustainable on the years to come (Malthus, 1798). Several researchers still debate this theory, nevertheless, it is clear that the patterns of consumption and degradation of resources are directly related to population growth and human consumption of natural resources both in developing and developed countries. Some authors doing research about human population growth argue that a key component to achieve sustainable development is to slow population growth by helping couples to limit their family size (Public Health Reports 1992). However, birth control and population management is not the only strategy required to reduce population growth. Population growth control is not only effective by introducing birth control mechanisms, is it also important to recognize that the medical and scientific advances represents a huge and significant factor regarding population increase. To elaborate, there have been over the years enormous developments on the reduction of infant mortality rate, for instance, mortality rate has dropped significantly compared to fifty or sixty years ago and the control of diseases such as cholera, malaria and dengue are becoming more effective every day, adults rate expectancy is increasing and adults are extending their life expectancy by several years than they used to achieve decades ago. As a result, a greater production and consumption of resources is necessary to sustain the population, and it is unclear whether the food production is capable of growing as fast as population growth is able to grow in the modern world. Environmental problems can be classified according to the nature of the damage to human health (Holdren and Ehrlich, 1974), the authors argue that Environmental problems are usually a direct effect of wrong human interacti ons and resource exploitation. Common and every day diseases (lung disease due air pollution, lead poisoning and so many more) are the direct consequence of human activities, the pollution of coastal waters, the acceleration of erosion in agricultural soils are the result of human activities and global degradation on environment. One of the most important problems that requires observation is food production and soil fertility because this kind of degradation is a direct consequence of human activity. Soils increasingly lose their ability to store nutrients and be productive in their cycles, Water consumption for crops also becomes higher and less sustainable, and production is constantly decreasing, resulting in a threatening an irreversible damage to the environment. One example of this problem is the alteration of areas in the lush of the Tigris and Euphrates Valleys through erosion and salt accumulation, consequence of bad irrigation practises and systems (Thorkild and Adams, 19 58 ), the Rajasthan desert in India is also a perfect example of the human pressure on the environment. Another example is the pressure to expand agricultural areas, leading to damaging efforts to cultivate land that is unsuitable to cultivation, such as the expansion of cultivation on hillside in Indonesia, leading to serious erosion and new environmental problems (Ravenholt, 1973). Countless examples of bad agricultural practises can be found around the globe, the techniques of temperate-zone agriculture to the tropical soils of Brazil, leading to the loss of the soil nutrients and erosion can be found in South America (McNeil, 1972). Coastal regions are also affected by the human consumption and mismanagement of resources, impacts due the human activity are evident, the mismanagement of waste disposal, water mismanagement, metals and fertilizers residues and oil spills, harmful pollutants hurled to marine ecosystems, mining, CO2 emissions, greenhouse emissions, and many more harm ful environmental practices can be found on different parts of the globe. The New technologies, achievements and developments in the last hundred years concerning agriculture are not resolving these environmental conflicts in a small period of time, for this reason it is urgent to find creative solutions to address these issues and achieve sustainability in order to create a consistent solution to the population growth concern. According to naturalist Sir David Attenborough (BBC, 2010) there are three favourable ways to get sustainable development; first: stop consuming so many resources, and one of the theories is that developed countries should stop using so many resources in order to allow developing countries to meet their demand for resources, An example of this is the production methods of food that many developed countries have on countries like China and Africa to meet their own needs and to export and sustain their own population, causing a enormous demand problem in production that constrain this developing countries (Developing countries need to meet their own food supply requirements and at the same time they have to produce extra supplies to meet the demand from foreign countries using their land). The Second proposal by Attenborough, is the change of our technology and production methodologies by using alternative methods of agriculture and energy production. It is a fact that the struggle to minimize the use of fossil fuels and promote the use of clean renewable energies is a difficult and constant effort, however an embedded question comes to attention: is the use of clean energy affordable to implement in developing countries? The cost and resources are not yet clear to respond that question. The third proposal presented is about reducing population growth, and to reduce population growth education is also essential. Education on contraceptive methods and access to effective birth control systems are basic especially in developing countries where resources are scarce and population growth worsens the circumstances to access basic needs. It is evident that developing countries are more commonly the ones to have more population growth worldwide (refer to table 1 and chart 1 appendices) and this increase in population is the direct cause of many of the numerous environmental problems in those countries. Conclusion: It is clear that population growth has a negative impact on the environment, the intensification of agriculture, the uncontrolled industrialization and economic growth, the depletion of resources and the destruction of natural habitats is evident and undeniable in our current world. For this reason it is necessary to implement intelligent and concrete strategies to minimize the impacts and effects of environmental degradation. There is an urgent need to look for real development solutions and sustainable policies to maximize the use of resources without degrading the environments capacity to restore it self and simultaneously obtain a balanced assessment for the impact that humans perform on the planet. Human capacity for improvement and technology opens daily windows and doors to new sustainable solutions that can generate substantial changes in the levels of production, conservation and renewal of ecosystems and resources. Governments are required to achieve improvements and find w ays to be more involved in environmental issues, seeking to improve the quality of life, health and livelihood of their populations through viable and sustainable solutions for the correct use of resources. It is the responsibility of governments, communities and every person on the planet whether living in a developed or developing country to find solutions and alternatives to benefit not only current generations but also future generations to come. Human carrying capacity must not reach its limits before finding solutions to actual problems, human influence and positive technological advances and current developments on issues such as environment must be a permanent strategy to minimize the ecological footprint of humans on resources. Proper Education, correct land management, technological improvements, economic investment, proper resource management and awareness, and better public policies regarding natural resource management are crucial and vital elements for the development of communities and poverty eradication around the world. Appendix: Table 1 TOP 20 LARGEST COUNTRIES BY POPULATION 1China 1,399,913,213 2India 1,278,847,804 3United States 324,475,111 4Indonesia 255,021,309 5Brazil 203,283,249 6Pakistan 187,383,682 7Nigeria 182,243,489 8Bangladesh 159,950,753 9Russia 142,196,628 10Japan 126,893,225 11Mexico 124,899,068 12Philippines 101,379,224 13Ethiopia 98,330,593 14Vietnam 93,197,563 15Egypt 84,387,897 16Germany 82,597,111 17Iran 79,238,137 18Turkey 76,515,191 19Congo 70,762,892 20Thailand 67,381,077 Chart 1 References. Public Health Reports 1992. Population Growth Threatens Natural Resources 107, p. 608. World Bank. 2004. World Population Growth ASIA POPULATION, R. 2013. Asia Population 2013 [Online]. Available: http://www.worldpopulationstatistics.com/asia-population-2013/. BBC, H. S., EPISODE 7 2010. How Many People Can Live on Planet Earth? In: ATTENBOROUGH, D. (ed.). HOLDREN, J. EHRLICH, P. 1974. Human Population and the Global Environment: Population growth, rising per capita material consumption, and disruptive technologies have made civilization a global ecological force. American Scientist. MALTHUS, T. 1798. An Essay on the Principle of Population, London, Printed for J. Johnson, in St. Paul’s Church-Yard. MCNEIL, M. 1972. 32. LATERITIC SOILS IN DISTINCT TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS: Southern Sudan and Brazil. RAVENHOLT, A. 1973. Man-land-productivity Microdynamics in Rural Bali. Southeast Asia series, 21, 9. THORKILD, J. ADAMS, R. 1958 Salt and silt in ancient Mesopotamian agriculture Vol. 128 no. 3334 pp. 1251-1258 128: 1251-58.

Case Briefs

Case1 Plaintiff(14) VS Defendant(11) February 20th 1889 Fact: Two boys were in a same high school of the village of Waukesha. 11 years old boy kicked another 14 years old boy which caused the boy never recovered the use of his limb. The former was sued by the latter for $2800. Issue: whether a person who unintentionally hurt another person is liable for the harm through intentional harm. Holdings: the jury rendered a verdict for the plaintiff of $2800. Rationale: the touch was the exciting or remote cause of the destruction of the bone.The case was a case of torts and it related to the assult and battery which the defendant should pay money for the plaintiff. The defendant has no proof of any other hurt, and the medical testimony seems to have been agreed that this touch or kick was the exciting cause of the injury to the plaintiff. Case2 Plaintiff Ralph Edward DAVIS VS Defendant Walter Calvin WHITE ,Jr. September 10,1977 Facts : White had obtained a gun in anticipation of shooting T ipton in an argument ,but missed and shot Davis in the stomach who was washing cars in front of his mother’s house on Fairmont Avenue in Richmond ,Virginia.Issue: whether an action based upon a willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another person is nondischargeable in bankruptcy. Holdings: the debt resulting from that act is nondischargeable in bankruptcy. Rationale: Every person is liable for the direct ,natural and probable consequence of his acts, and that every one doing an unlawful act is responsible for all of the consequential results of that act. The evidence here clearly show that the shooting was a wrongful act intentionally done and Davis’s injuries resulted from that act.And the debts results from that act. If one intentionally commits an assault or battery at another and by mistake strikes a third person, he is guilty of an assault and battery of the third person. Case3 Plaintiff Dan R. CULLISON vs Defendant Ernest MEDLEY February 2,1986 Fact: Cul lison encountered 16-year-old Sandy in a Linton, Indiana, grocery store parking lot and invited her to his home. Sandy didn’t come alone ,instead father Ernest and other family members accompanied her. He was berated and felt threatened since then.Increase fear from that incident lead him to serious psychological problems and affect his normal life. Issue: were the actions of threatening sufficient for reasonable people to apply battery. Holdings: It is error for the trial court to enter summary judgment ,which means that the appellant will get another trial. Rationale: Ernest kept grabbing at the pistol as if he were going to take it out, which gives Cullison’s the apprehension of being shot or injured an assault constitutes a touching of the mind, if not of the body. The tort invades the plaintiff’s mental peace.Case4 Plaintiff John Robert DICKENS (31) vs Defendant Earl V. PURYEAR and Ann Brewer Puryear (18) April 2ed 1975 Fact: Dickens was beat into semi-cons ciousness and threatened to leave the state of North Carolina after lured into rural Johnston county by defendants, husband and wife . Ann Puryear and Earl Puryear appoint four men to inflict assault on him. Dickens then filed his complaint on 31 March 1978 for his physical injury and emotional distress. Issue: whether a threat or attempt to show violence constitutes assault.Holdings: plaintiff’s recovery for injuries ,mental or physical, caused by these actions would be barred by the one-year statute of limitations. Rationale: ordinarily mere words, unaccompanied by some act apparently intended to carry the threat into execution, do not put the other in apprehension of an imminent bodily contact ,and so cannot make the actor liable for an assault. Case 5 Plaintiff Eckert vs Long Island R. Co. November 26 1867 Fact: The deceased ,Henry Eckert, successfully saved a child near the main track but was stuck by the locomotive and received such injuries as to kill himself.Eckert ,t he wife ,acted as administratrix sued the Long Island R. Co. ,tending to prove that the cars were running improperly. Issue: whether a person who voluntarily place himself in danger to save a child is liable for negligence Holding: principles of law cannot yield to particular case, which means the intestate is liable for negligence. Rationale;as a reasonable prudent person who has the full knowledge and apprehension of the risk incurred ,the act of saving others ,which is not a duty imposed by law ,cannot relive him from negligence.The cars were being run at a very moderate speed, not over seven or eight miles per hour, that the signals required by law were given and that the child was not on the track over which the cars were passing, but on a side track near the main track. The company is not the insurer of ,or liable to those who ,of their own choice and with full notice, place themselves in the path of the train and are injured. Case 6 Plaintiff Cooley vs public Service Co. Nove mber 29. 1935Fact: During a heavy storm, several of the Public Service wires broke and fell to the ground and one of it which carried a voltage of about 1300 came into contact with the telephone messenger ,Cooley. The contact created violent agitation in the diaphragm of the receiver and a loud explosive noise. Cooley suffered from traumatic neurosis and loss of sensation on the left side. She claimed that it the defendant’s consequent duty to maintain such devices at cross-overs as would prevent falling wires from coming into contact with a telephone wire.Issue: whether the harm caused indirectly of the company is responsible for the negligence . Holding: a verdict should have been directed for the defendant. Judgment for the defendant. Rationale: To the extent that the duty to use care depends upon relationship the defendant's duty of care towards the plaintiff is obviously weaker than that towards the man in the street. The defendant's duty cannot, in the circumstances, be to both. If that were so, performance of one duty would mean nonperformance of the other There was no least evidence to show the plaintiff suffered an electric shock.There was evidence that baskets and similar devices were used by the Telephone Company, some years ago, for the protection of their wires at cross-overs. Case7 Plaintiff Andrews vs Defendant United Airlines. Inc. Fact: A briefcase fell from an airplane’s compartment injured Billie Jean Andrews seriously. No one knows what caused the briefcase to fall. She claimed that the airline didn’t prevent the foreseeable injury. Issue: whether safety measure is enough and the airline is responsible for the injury.Holding: summary judgment was reversed ,which means a new trial. Rationale: the United has failed to do all that human care ,vigilance, and foresight reasonablely can do under all the circumstances. Case8 Roberts v. Ring Facts: Ring was a 77 years old man driving south on a much traveled street in Owatonna , and he passed clear over a boy who ran into his way ,crossing the street to the west . Issue: An old man was not alert enough and failed to stop his car while he saw the boy, is that enough to raise an issue of his negligence.Whether a boy’s age should be taken into consideration when it comes to contributory negligence. Holdings: The old man is responsible for negligence. Rationale: the boys age should be taken into consideration . D failed to stop his car, the infirmities weighed against him. Care was required to avoid injuring other travelers. Case9 Daniels v. Evans Facts:19 years old Daniel was died in a collision of his motorcycle and Evans’ automobile at Lebanon on August 4. 1962. Issue: minor engaged in activities undertaken by adults, whether the standard of care to minors still prevails.Holdings: a minor operating a motor vehicle, whether an automobile or a motorcycle, must be judged by the same standard of care as an adult and the defendant’s objecti on to the Trial Court’s charge applying a different standard to the conduct of the plaintiff’s intestate was valid. Rationale: when a minor engages in such activities a s the operation of an automobile or similar power in driven device, he forfeits his rights to have the reasonableness of his conduct measured by a standard commensurate with his age and I thenceforth held to the standard as all other persons.All drivers must, and have the right to expect that others using the highways , regardless of their age and experience, will, obey the traffic laws and thus exercise the adult standard of ordinary care. One cannot know whether the operator of an approaching automobile is a minor or an adult ,and usually cannot protect himself against youthful imprudence even if warned. Case10 Wood v. Boynton and another. Facts: the plaintiff was the owner of a small stone ,which turn out to be a rough diamond and worth more than $700 ,but she tendered it to the defendants ,who are p artners in the jewelry business in December,1883 ignorantly for $1. 0. she asks to recover the possession of that uncut diamond of the alleged value of $1000. Issue: whether inadequacy of price by the mistake of the vendor can still entitle her to rescind the sale and so revest the title in her. Holdings: There is no ground for a rescission of a sale and the circuit court affirmed the judgment. Rationale: There is no evidence of fraud or warranty in that sale. It is her own mistake for selling it without further investigation about the intrinsic value. The facts known to both parties is on equal basis, and the buyer didn’t exert influence on her sale.Case11 Anderson v. Backlund Facts :in the written lease, a written lease defined the tenancy of the Defendant, who was a tenant on a 640-acre farm owned by the plaintiff. In an oral agreement, the defendant agreed to buy 100 head of cattle and bring upon the farm and consume good pasture thereon ,while he purchased 7 more ,and th e defendant’s promise on his side failed accordingly. The plaintiff want to recover the promissory note. Issue: whether the oral advice can constitute a contract. Holdings: The learned trial court right directing a verdict.The plaintiff’s counterclaim falls. Rationale: There is lack of mutual assent to the same proposition and the language is too indefinite and general as to the usual elements of a contract. The minds of the parties never net upon the essential terms. Case12 The superintendent and the trustees of public schools of the city of Trenton v. IRA Bennett and Aaron Carlisle Issue: The house falls down before its completion ,solely by reason of a latent defect in the soil, and not on account of faulty construction, whether the loss falls upon the builder or the owner of the land.Facts: The covenant of Everham and Hill was to build , erect, and complete the school-house upon the lot in question for the sum of $2610,the whole price was to be paid for the whole b uilding and the division was into installments to aid the completion of the work. But the house falls down before completion as a result of a latent defect in the soil. Holdings: it was overruled by the court, which means it is the defendants who need to shoulder the responsibility.Rationale: if a party enter into an absolute contract, without any qualification or exception, and receives from the party with whom he contracts the consideration of such engagement ,he must abide by the contract, and either do the act or pay the damages. He that agrees to do an act should do it, unless absolutely impossible. He must overcome all the difficulties and do everything necessary to erect and complete the building. The destruction of the incomplete building was neither caused by a sudden tornado nor a latent softness of the soil. It can be done.The defendants doesn’t do enough. ?&! , :What if the land belong to the government and both side are contractors? Can the contractor get the tot al sum of money? They cannot ,because they do not actually finish it . if so ,it is not equal, the defendant didn’t get all the consideration instead they should pay for the loss caused by nature. Isn’t it common sense to do some investigation on the soil before building? Case13 Vickery v, Ritchie Facts: Two parties acted honestly and in good faith of their contract to complete a building on a lot.However the discrepancy between two writings, $33721 on the plaintiff’s side and $23200 on the defendant’s side, invalidate their express contract. The plaintiff asked to recover a balance of $10467. 16. Issue: The architect make the fraud and lead to a mutual mistake on both sides and the failure of the contract, whether implied contract or compensation is liable when the supposed one failed Holding: the plaintiff is entitled to recover the fair value of his labor and materials. Rationale: The mutual mistake in this particular left them with no express contract by which their rights and liabilities could be determined.The law implies an obligation to pay for what has been done and furnished under such circumstances. When the whole contract will fail . the parties may have reasonable compensation for what they have done in reliance upon it ? &! they should cry on each others’ shoulder as they are both victims. I am satisfied with what the judge has done. But the architect shouldn’t escape. Case14 Hertzog V. Hertzog Facts: the son asserted that he remained in the employment of his father until he was about forty years old and they lived together the most of the time even after the son got married.The son also claims that he lent$500 of his wife’s money to his father. The son asked his father to pay. Issue: family association involved ,whether a contract of hiring applicable when it is evident but no evidence to define the work between father and son. Holdings: Judgment reversed and a new trial awarded. The plaintiff is not winning yet. Rationale: There was no express contract or sufficient proof to define hiring. ?&! : They should consider the situation. What if the son lives like parasites and annoys the parents a lot? What if the father is cruel and treated family members as slaves?Surely such kind of evidence could be found. When the father dies ,where is his heritage ? and if the son will hesitates that, why shall he complain? Case15 Cropsey v. Sweeney Facts: the plaintiff ,Eliza Ann Cropsey married James Ridgeway on the 25th of august,1821, remarried him in the year of 1825 after James got a divorce with his ex-wife whom he separated since 1815 and lived with him till 1847 when he passed away. At the first marriage, James was a carpenter and builder and worth about $1000. while ,at the time of his death ,it is more than$150000.Both of James descendants claimed the whole of his estate. Later, the plaintiff demanded judgment for $40000. However the defendant demurred that the complaint does not constitute any cause of action. The defendant appealed to the general term. Issue: whether she should be paid for the work she did if she is not a legal wife. Holdings: the order of the special term overruling the demurrer must be reversed and the plaintiff losses. Rationale: there is no express promise pretended in the complaint. The plaintiff was standing in the suppose relation of wife and the her marriage is not valid.Her own story of devoted faithful love and services as a wife and mother cannot permit us to say that she is legally entitled to receive pay for those services as a servant. Q&! stupid law.!!!! !!! How could they make such things happen and happen again? Isn’t there a policy to permit or prevent illegal marriage or make it legal ? The so called law cannot give her justice because it cannot get out of this dilemma—she is a wife, yes, but it is not legal, so she failed. She is servant ,no ,because she is a supposed wife, she failed the complaint again. The first marriage is done ,why she is still not an lawful wife?Rings, children ,can’t they served as evidence to constitute implied contract or something? Case16 Shaw v. Shaw and another. Facts: The plaintiff ,then Mrs, Moseley , accepted Percy John Shaw ‘s proposal and married him on December 10 ,1938. For 14 years they lived as husband and wife at Cannock, during which time the plaintiff advanced to Shaw in varying sums about 250pounds to buy stock, to assist him in acquiring land ,and to pay for agricultural machinery. When Percy died intestate , her distribution of assets was delayed because Percy ‘s lawful wife was still alive.In 1939 the plaintiff by her reply alleged fraud. Since the alleged promise was unenforceable ,she appealed. Issue: The promisor is not able to go through a lawful marriage and only he knows the fact, whether a breach of promise can apply. Holdings: she is entitled to get a fair sum of 1000pounds as damages. Rationale: The plaintiff d id not know that the defendant was married ,and did not know that his promise might be contrary to public policy. The promisor knew the facts but promised that he is a widower. In that marriage, the plaintiff used her savings for his affairs and served as a wife for 14 years.Q&! : How much would he pay a call girl for one night? How could a wife’s damages be valued? What is immoral or unlawful? Case17 Noble et al . v. Williams et al. Facts: the plaintiffs were hired to teach the public school in Jackson, ky ,for the fall term of 1908. The school failed to pay the rent and buy supplies. In order to conduct the teaching ,the teachers paid. They want to recover the rent. Issue: whether they voluntarily paid the rent which is not included in the teaching contract could still recover that money? Holdings: judgment affirmed ,the plaintiffs failRationale: the school abide by the teaching contract . The teachers voluntarily paid an obligationn which was not theirs . ?&! maybe the Jud gment is right. But it encourages people to mind their own businesses in the future. Case18 Sommers v. Putnam county board of education et al. Facts: Plaintiff ,father of 4 minor children of compulsory school age and taxpayer of Riley township ,Putnam county, Ohio filed a petition in the court of common pleas of Putnam county, praying for a money($397)judgment against the Putnam county board of education and the township board of education . he petition avers that ,by reason of the failure ,neglect, and refusal of said defendants in error, and each of them, to provide high school work within 4 miles of his residence, or to transport his 4 children to high school, or to provide and furnish board and lodging for his children ,the plaintiff was compelled to and did transport his 4 children to and from his residence to said high school for some days.Issue: whether the quasi contract apply and therefore is entitled to compensation when the parent perform an act of beneficial intervention in the discharge of the school boards legal obligation to provide transportation or access for children to high school ? Holding: the demurrer will be overruled and plaintiff is entitled to receive a money reimbursement. Rationale: in the syllabus,† if a board of education in a district fails to provide sufficient school privileges for all the youth of school age in the district ,a mandatory duty rests upon the county board of education to provide same access to children . As the performance of that duty by parent is beneficial to school boards who failed to do that ,the parent is entitled to compensation. The fact that ,at a little different stage in proceedings, mandamus would lie is no answer to the argument of the plaintiff here that, when he has expended money, time, and effort in performing a duty enjoined by statute upon the boards ,he can receive a money reimbursement.

How International Differences in the Ownership and Financing Essay

Explain how international differences in the ownership and financing of companies could lead to differences in financial reporting. There are major international differences in accounting practices whereby different companies in a country may use different accounting systems. This differences between companies mainly influenced by a company’s country, size, sector or number of stock exchange listings. It is very significant that banks are the capital provider for small family-owned business in Germany, France and Italy. However, in the United States and the United Kingdom there are large numbers of companies that rely on millions of private shareholders for finance. There are three type of financial system has been formalized by Zysman which are capital market system, credit-based government systems and credit-based financial institution systems. These types could be simplified further to ‘equity’ and ‘credit’. In United States and United Kingdom, companies are finance by investors rather than by individual shareholders. So, in these countries with a widespread ownership of companies by shareholders who do not have access to internal information, there will be a pressure for disclosure, audit and fair information. Thus, this will lead to a different financial reporting. On the other hand, in ‘credit’ countries, few of the listed companies are dominated by bankers, governments or founding families. In Germany, important owners of companies as well as providers of debt finance are the banks. Besides that, listed companies in continental European countries are also dominated by banks, governments or families where the information published is not so detail. Hence, this can automatically lead to differences in financial reporting. In addition to that, most continental European countries and in Japan, the external financial reporting has been created for the purpose of protecting creditors and for governments due to the lack of ‘outsider’ shareholders. So, due to the greater important creditors in these countries, it leads to more conservative accounting. This is because creditors want their money back if companies suffer losses or damages, whereas shareholders may be interested in an unbiased estimate of future prospects. Hence, this could lead to some differences in financial reporting.